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A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr.
Aloyisus Leon Higginbotham, Jr. (February 25, 1928 – December 14, 1998) was a prominent African-American civil rights advocate, author, and federal appeals court judge. Higginbotham was the seventh African-American Article III judge appointed in the United States, and the first African-American judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.〔(African American Federal Judges by Commission Date )〕 He served as Chief Judge of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals from 1990 to 1991.〔Federal Judicial Center Biography, available at http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=1039&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na〕 He used the name "Leon" informally.
==Personal life==
Higginbotham was born on February 25, 1928, in Ewing, a suburb of Trenton, New Jersey.〔In Memoriam: A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr.; 1928–1998, ''The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education'', January 21, 1999.〕〔Interview with The Honorable A. Leon Higginbotham Jr., for the Historical Society of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit〕 His mother, Emma Lee Higginbotham, was a maid, and his father, Aloyisus Leon Higginbotham, Sr., was a factory worker.〔 Higginbotham was raised in a largely African-American neighborhood, and attended a segregated grammar school.〔
Higginbotham attended Lincoln School, a segregated high school in Trenton.〔Prior to Higginbotham, no black student had been put on the academic track (which was a significant step towards attending college), because Latin, a requirement for the program, was not taught at the black elementary schools.〔Black Judge's Success Story Begins in Cold Attic, Neil Lewis, ''The New York Times'', July 19, 1991.〕 Higginbotham's mother convinced the principal at the junior high school to enroll him in a second-year Latin course, even though he had never studied first year Latin.〔 To ensure that he was able to pass the required classes, the junior high Latin teacher offered to tutor him at her home during the summer.〔 Higginbotham's family was of modest economic means, so he worked while attending school, mowing lawns, shoveling snow, and working as a bus boy at the Stacy Trent hotel.〔 While in high school, Higginbotham manipulated his birth certificate in order to get working papers at 15, a year before the law allowed, so that he could work in a pottery factory shoveling clay.〔
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